Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Changes in cardiorespiratory complex of adult athletes are the subject of scientific researches. However, there is a lack of researches that would assess such changes in children and adolescents involved in intensive physical training. The purpose of the study was to evaluate functional and morphological changes of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in boys of primary school age engaged in football. Materials and methods. 109 male children aged 10-11 years were enrolled in the study, among which 81 children have been attending sports football schools, 28 children didn’t have regular physical activity. The study design included a general clinical examination, a spirometry, the condition of cardiovascular system was assessed with echocardiography, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Results. The boys 10-11 years of age who play sports have higher values of minute respiratory volume and cardiac indices, which may support the hypothesis of the myocardial hypertrophy development, although they correspond to normal Z-score values. According to ABPM results the duration of physical activity may influence on transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction. Conclusions. We obtained statistically significant quantitative differences in the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in children-athletes. The changes found in young athletes may result to further supervision of a pediatric cardiologist, but decision should be made individually.
References
State of play 2018; Sports participation rates in children ages 6 to 12 years in the United States. Available at: https://www.aspenprojectplay.org/kids-sports-participation-rates (Accessed on January 06, 2020).
American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, Am College of SportsMed. Preparticipation Physical Evaluation, 5th Ed, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2019.
Maron, B. J., Levine, B. D., Washington, R. L., et al. (2015). Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Competitive Athletes: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation, 132, e267.
Feng, X. F, Ha. i, J. J., Ma, Y, Wan. g, Z. Q., Tse, H. F. (2018). Sudden Cardiac Death in Mainland China. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 11(11), e006684. doi: 0.1161/CIRCEP.118.006684.
Asif, I.M., Harmon, K.G. (2017). Incidence and Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: New Updates for Athletic Departments. Sports Health, 9(3), 268–79. doi: 10.1177/1941738117694153.
Michael, W., Luong, B. N., Morrison, D. J., Lithwick, S. I., Brett, H., Krahn, A. D. (2016). Sudden cardiac death in young competitive athletes. BCMJ, 58(3), 138–44.
Solberg, E. E., Borjesson, M., Sharma, S., Papadakis, M., Wilhelm, M., Drezner, J. A., Harmon, K.G.,
Alonso, J. M., Heidbuchel, H., ... Corrado, D. (2016). Sport Cardiology Section of the EACPR of the ESC. Sudden cardiac arrest in sports – need for uniform registration: A Position Paper from the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 23(6), 657–67. doi: 10.1177/2047487315599891.
Ackerman, M., Atkins, D. L. & Triedman, J. K. (2016). Sudden cardiac death in the young: Circulation, 8, 133(10), 1006–1026. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020254.
James H. Hull, Les Ansley, Oliver J. Price, John W. (2016). Dickinson, Matteo Bonini. Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea: Gold Standard for Diagnosing Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Athletes? Sports Med, 46, 1083–1093. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0491-3.
Driessen, J. M. M., Margryt Gerritsma, Jaap Westbroek, Nick, H. T., ten Hacken, Frans, H. C. (2013). The effect of nebulized salbutamol or isotonic saline on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite skaters following a 1,500-meter race: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. de Jongh Trials, 14, 204. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-204.
Andrew j. Simpson, Lee M. Romer, and Pascale Kippelen (2015). Self-reported Symptoms after Induced and Inhibited Bronchoconstriction in Athletes Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47(10), 2005–2013. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000646.
Takken, T, Bongers, B.C., van Brussel, M., Haapala, E. A., Hulzebos, E. H. J. (2017). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Pediatrics. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 14 (1), 123–8. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-912FR.
Schwartz, L. B., Delgado, L., Craig, T, Bonin. i, S., Carlsen, K. H., Casale, T.B., Del, G. S., et al. (2008). Exercise-induced hypersensitivity syndromes in recreational and competitive athletes: a PRACTALL consensus report (what the general practitioner should know about sports and allergy) Allergy, 63, 953–961. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01802.x.
James H. Hull, Peter J. Hull, Jonathan P. Parsons, John W. Dickinson, and Les Ansley. (2009). Approach to the diagnosis and management of suspected exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by primary care physicians. BMC Pulm Med, 9, 29. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-29.
Campbell, R. M., Berger, S. (2006). Preventing pediatric sudden cardiac death: where do we start? Pediatrics, 118, 802.
Carek , P.J., Mainous , A. G . 3rd. (2003). A thorough yet efficient exam identifies most problems in school athletes. J Fam Pract, 52, 127.
Brian L. Graham, Irene Steenbruggen, Martin R. Miller, Igor Z. Barjaktarevic, Brendan G. Cooper, Graham L. Hall, … Bruce R. Thompson (2019). Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory SocietyTechnical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 200(8), e70–e88.
Bajo, J. M., Mangeaud, A. (2010). Relationship between the lung function and anthropometric measures and indexes in adolescents from Cordoba, Argentina. Am J Hum Biol, 22(6), 823.
Alexandraki , S., Koutsilieris, M., Siafakas , N., Katsardis, C. (2010). Spirometric reference values in greek children and adolescents. In Vivo, 24(2), 195–200.
Martinez-Briseno, D., Fernandez-Plata, R., Gochicoa-Rangel, L., Torre-Bouscoulet, L., Rojas-Martinez, R, ... Perez-Padilla, R. (2015). Socioeconomic Status and Longitudinal Lung Function of Healthy Mexican Children. PLoS One, 10(9), e0136935. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136935.
Kuti, B. P, Oladimej. i, O. I., Kuti, D. K., Adeniyi, A. T, Adenij. i, E. O., Osundare, Y. J. (2017). Rural- urban disparity in lung function parameters of Nigerian children: effects of socio-economic, nutritional and housing factors. Pan Afr Med J, 28, 230. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2017.28.230.13836.
Evans, E. W , Koinis-Mitchel. l, D., Kopel, S. J., Jelalian E. (2019). Lung Function, Dietary Intake, and WeightStatus in Children with Persistent Asthma from Low-Income, Urban Communities. Nutrients. 11(12), E2943. doi: 10.3390/nu11122943.
Lazovic, B., Mazic, S., Suzic-Lazic, J., Djelic, M., Djordjevic-Saranovic, S., et al. (2015). Respiratory adaptations in different types of sport. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 19(12), 2269–74.
D'Ascenzi, F, . Pelliccia, A., Valentini, F, . Malandrino, A., Natali, B. M., et al. (2017). Training-induced right ventricular remodelling in pre-adolescent endurance athletes: The athlete's heart in children. Int J Cardiol, 236, 270–275. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.121.
D'Ascenzi, F, Solar. i, M., Anselmi, F, Maffe. i, S., Focardi, M., Bonifazi, M., et al. (2016). Atrial chamber remodelling in healthy pre-adolescent athletes engaged in endurance sports: A study with a longitudinal design. The CHILD study. Int J Cardiol, 223, 325–330. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.231. Epub 2016 Aug 14.
Bjerring, A. W, Landgraff. , H. E., Leirstein, S., Aaeng, A., Ansari, H.Z., Saberniak, J., Murbrech, K., Bruun, H., Stokke , T. M., ... Sarvari S. I. (2018). Morphological changes and myocardial function assessed by traditional and novel echocardiographic methods in preadolescent athlete's heart. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 25(9), 1000–1007. doi: 10.1177/2047487318776079. Epub 2018 May 22.
Black, H. R., Sica, D., et al. (2015). Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 6: Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation, 132, e298.
Varga-Pinter, B., Horvath, P, . Kneffel, Z., et al.2011). Resting blood pressure values of adult athletes. Kidney Blood Press Res, 34, 387.
Karpinos, A. R., Roumie, C. L., Nian, H., et al. (2013). High prevalence of hypertension among collegiate football athletes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 6, 716.
Sharman, J.E., LaGerche, A. (2015). Exercise blood pressure: clinical relevance and correct measurement. J Hum Hypertens, 29, 351.
"Inter Collegas" is an open access journal: all articles are published in open access without an embargo period, under the terms of the CC BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution ‒ Noncommercial ‒ Share Alike) license; the content is available to all readers without registration from the moment of its publication. Electronic copies of the archive of journals are placed in the repositories of the KhNMU and V.I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.