Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Tuberculosis and smoking are among the most pressing issues in the modern health care system in the world. Tuberculosis patients who smoke are confirmed to have reduced the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis therapy, unsatisfactory prognosis of a specific disease, higher risk of treatment failure and mortality from this disease. Diseases such as HIV and alcoholism increase ineffective treatment in tobacco smokers. In addition, smoking leads to increased virulence of the causative agent of tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
References
World Health Organisation. Global tuberculosis report, 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/data
Feshchenko YI. Up-to-date tendencies in tuberculosis research. Ukr. Pulmonol. J. 2019;1:8–24.
Types of drug-resistant TB. Global Tuberculosis Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/diagnosis-treatment/treatment-of-drug-resistant-tb/types-of-tb-drug-resistance
Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The WHO newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 16 January 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug- resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)
WHO announces updated definitions of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The WHO newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 27 January 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-01-2021-who-announces-updated-definitions-of-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis
Analytical and statistical reference book for 2020. Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Kyiv: Ministry of Health of Ukraine; 2021. 92 p.
Мelnyk VМ, Мatusevych VG., Novozhylova IА, Veselovskyi LV, Bushura IV, Prykhodko АN. Situation with the relapses of tuberculosis in different countries of the world. Ukr. Pulmonol. J. 2021;1:5–10.
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. World Health Organization; 2019. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311389.
First global consultation on the role of e/mHealth in TB and tobacco control. The WHO newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 11 Jun 2015. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-06-2015-first-global-consultation-on-the-role-of-e-mhealth-in-tb-and-tobacco-control.
WHO Global Report: Mortality attributable to tobacco. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564434 [Accessed 7 Jun 2021].
GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990‒2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223‒49. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.
Lopez AD, Collishaw NE, Piha T. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. To-bacco Control. 1994;3(3):242–247.
Silva DR, Muñoz-Torrico M, Duarte R, Galvão T, Bonini EH, Arbex FF, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs. J Bras Pneumol. 2018;44(2):145‒52. DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562017000000443.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039322.
GYTS (Global Youth Tobacco Survey) Fact Sheet, Ukraine, 2018. Available at: https://moz.gov.ua/uploads/ 1/8546- ukraine_gyts_2017_factsheet_ages_13_15_final_4_2_2018_508tagged_1.pdf
Global adult survey on tobacco use in Ukraine. Kyiv: Ministry of Health of Ukraine; 2017. 243 p. Available at: https://moz.gov.ua/uploads/1/8545-full_report_gats_ukraine_2017_ukr.pdf
Loddenkemper R, Brönnecke M, Castell S, Diel R. Tuberkulose und Rauchen [Tuberculosis and Tobacco Smoking]. Pneumologie. 2016;70(1):17‒22. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-109601. [In German].
Underner M, Perriot J, Peiffer G, Meurice JC, Dautzenberg B. Tabagisme et observance du traitement an-tituberculeux [Smoking and adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment]. Rev Mal Respir. 2016;33(2):128‒44. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.08.005. [In French].
van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K. Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(1):27-33. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00072909.
North RJ, Jung YJ. Immunity to tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:599‒623. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635.
Cosio MG, Saetta M, Agusti A. Immunologic aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(23):2445‒54. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0804752.
Shaler CR, Horvath CN, McCormick S, Jeyanathan M, Khera A, Zganiacz A, Kasinska J, Stampfli MR, Xing Z. Continuous and discontinuous cigarette smoke exposure differentially affects protective Th1 immunity against pul-monary tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059185.
Miramontes CV, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Marin-Luévano SP, Trejo Martínez LA, de Haro Acosta J, Enciso-Moreno JA, Rivas-Santiago B. Nicotine promotes the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epithelial cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2021;127:102026. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102026.
Menezes AM, Hallal PC, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, Mui-o A, Lopez MV. Tuberculosis and airflow ob-struction evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(6):1180–5. DOI: 10.1183/09031936. 00083507.
Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA, Hassmiller K, Fanning A, Gupta P. Tobacco and tuberculosis a qualita-tive systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(10):1049–61.
Du Preez K, Mandalakas AM, Kirchner HL, Grewal HM, Schaaf HS, van Wyk SS, Hesseling AC. Environ-mental tobacco smoke exposure increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection risk in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(11):1490–6. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0759.
Altet MN, Alcaide J, Plans P, Taberner JL, Saltó E, Folguera LI. Passive smoking and risk of pulmonary tu-berculosis in children immediately following infection A case control study. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996;77(6):537–44. DOI: 10.1016/S0962-8479(96)90052-0.
Reimann M, Schaub D, Kalsdorf B, Runge C, Carballo PS, Terhalle E, et al. Cigarette smoking and culture conversion in patients with susceptible and M/XDR-TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23(1):93‒8. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0354.
Wang EY, Arrazola RA, Mathema B, Ahluwalia IB, Mase SR. The impact of smoking on tuberculosis treat-ment outcomes: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24(2):170‒5. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0002.
Wang MG, Huang WW, Wang Y, Zhang YX, Zhang MM, Wu SQ, Sandford AJ, He JQ. Association between tobacco smoking and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:873-887. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S164596.
Balian DR, Davtyan K, Balian A, Grigoryan A, Hayrapetyan A, Davtyan H. Tuberculosis treatment and Smoking, Armenia, 2014‒2016. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2017;8:1‒5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2017.04.001.
Aguilar JP, Arriaga MB, Rodas MN, Martins Netto E. Smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure: a case-control study. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(2):e20180359. DOI: 10.1590/1806-3713/e20180359.
Thomas BE, Thiruvengadam K, Rani S, Kadam D, Ovung S, Sivakumar S, et al.; CTRIUMPH-RePORT In-dia Study. Smoking, alcohol use disorder and tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A dual co-morbidity burden that cannot be ignored. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220507. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220507. PMID: 31365583.
Khan AH, Israr M, Khan A, Aftab RA, Khan TM. Smoking on treatment outcomes among tuberculosis pa-tients. Am J Med Sci. 2015;349(6):505–9. DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000473.
d’Arc Lyra Batista J, de Fátima Pessoa Militão de Albuquerque M, de Alencar Ximenes RA, Rodrigues LC. Smoking increases the risk of relapse after successful tuberculosis treatment. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(4):841–51. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn113.
Cherkaoui I, Sabouni R, Ghali I, Kizub D, Billioux AC, Bennani K. Treatment default amongst patients with tuberculosis in urban Morocco predicting and explaining default and post-default sputum smear and drug susceptibility results. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93574. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093574.
Zhang H, Xin H, Li X, Li H, Li M, Lu W. A dose-response relationship of smoking with tuberculosis infec-tion A cross-sectional study among 21008 rural residents in China. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175183. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0175183.
Altet N, Latorre I, Jiménez-Fuentes MÁ, Maldonado J, Molina I, González-Díaz Y. Assessment of the influ-ence of direct tobacco smoke on infection and active TB management. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182998. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182998.
Eastment MC, McClintock AH, McKinney CM, Narita M, Molnar A. Factors That Influence Treatment Completion for Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30(4):520–7. DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2017.04.170070.
de Vargas KR, Freitas AA, Azeredo ACV, Silva DR. Smoking prevalence and effects on treatment outcomes in patients with tuberculosis. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2021;67(3):406‒10. DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20200825.
Siddiqi K, Keding A, Marshall AM, Dogar O, Li J, Huque R, Fatima R, et al. Effect of quitting smoking on health outcomes during treatment for tuberculosis: secondary analysis of the TB & Tobacco Trial. Thorax. 2022;77(1):74‒8. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215926.
Rodríguez-Fernández P, Gómez AC, Gibert I, Prat-Aymerich C, Domínguez J. Effects of cigarette smoke on the administration of isoniazid and rifampicin to macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exp Lung Res. 2021;47(2):87‒97. DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1854371.
Hong S, Mok Y, Jeon C, Jee SH, Samet JM. Tuberculosis, smoking and risk for lung cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(11):2447‒55. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30384.
Chiang YC, Lin YM, Lee JA, Lee CN, Chen HY. Tobacco consumption is a reversible risk factor associated with reduced successful treatment outcomes of anti-tuberculosis therapy. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(2):e130‒5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.10.007. PMID: 22185828.
Bonacci RA, Cruz-Hervert LP, García-García L, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Ferreyra-Reyes L, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, et al. Impact of cigarette smoking on rates and clinical prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southern Mex-ico. J Infect. 2013;66(4):303‒12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.09.005. PMID: 22982014.
Wen CP, Chan TC, Chan HT, Tsai MK, Cheng TY, Tsai SP. The reduction of tuberculosis risks by smoking cessation. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:156. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-156.
Mrigpuri P, Gupta A, Jha R, Singla P, Singla R. Tobacco use, tuberculosis and COVID-19: A lethal triad. Indian J Tuberc. 2021;68S:S86‒8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.010.
Kim DJ, Oh JY, Rhee CK, Park SJ, Shim JJ, Cho JY. Metabolic Fingerprinting Uncovers the Distinction Between the Phenotypes of Tuberculosis Associated COPD and Smoking-Induced COPD. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:619077. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.619077.
Willemse D, Moodley C, Mehra S, Kaushal D. Transcriptional Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Cigarette Smoke Condensate. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:744800. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744800.
McGrath M, Gey van Pittius NC, van Helden PD, Warren RM, Warner DF. Mutation rate and the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(2):292‒302. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt364. PMID: 24072169.
Cholo MC, Rasehlo SSM, Venter E, Venter C, Anderson R. Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Growth and Biofilm Formation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8237402. DOI: 10.1155/2020/ 8237402. PMID: 32923486.
Miramontes CV, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Marin-Luévano SP, Trejo Martínez LA, de Haro Acosta J, Enciso-Moreno JA, Rivas-Santiago B. Nicotine promotes the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epithelial cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2021;127:102026. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102026. PMID: 33262029.
"Inter Collegas" is an open access journal: all articles are published in open access without an embargo period, under the terms of the CC BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution ‒ Noncommercial ‒ Share Alike) license; the content is available to all readers without registration from the moment of its publication. Electronic copies of the archive of journals are placed in the repositories of the KhNMU and V.I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.
Copyright Agreement
1. This Agreement on the transfer of rights to use the work from the Co-authors to the publisher (hereinafter the Agreement) is concluded between all the Co-authors of the work, represented by the Corresponding Author, and Kharkiv National Medical University (hereinafter the University), represented by an authorized representative of the Editorial Board of scientific journals (hereinafter the Editorial Board).
2. This Agreement is an accession agreement within the meaning of clause 1 of Article 634 of the Civil Code of Ukraine: that is, a contract, "the terms of which are established by one of the parties in forms or other standard forms, which can be concluded only by joining the other party to the proposed contract as a whole. The other party cannot offer its terms of the contract." The party that established the terms of this contract is the University.
3. If there is more than one author, the authors choose the Corresponding Author, who communicates with the Editorial Board on his own behalf and on behalf of all Co-authors regarding the publication of a written work of a scientific nature (article or review, hereinafter referred to as the Work).
4. The contract begins from the moment of submission of the manuscript of the Work by the Corresponding Author to the Editorial Board, which confirms the following:
4.1. all Co-authors of the Work are familiar with and agree with its content, at all stages of reviewing and editing the manuscript and the existence of the published Work;
4.2. all Co-authors of the Work are familiar with and agree to the terms of this Agreement.
5. The published Work is in electronic form in public access on the websites of the University and any websites and electronic databases in which the Work is posted by the University and is available to readers under the terms of the "Creative Commons" license (Attribution NonCommercial Sharealike 4.0 International)" or more free licenses "Creative Commons 4.0".
6. The Corresponding Author transfers, and the University receives, the non-exclusive property right to use the Work by placing the latter on the University's websites for the entire term of copyright. The University participates in the creation of the final version of the Work by reviewing and editing the manuscript of the article or review provided to the Editorial Board by the Corresponding Author, translating the Work into any languages. For the participation of the University in the finalization of the Work, the Co-authors agree to pay the invoice issued to them by the University, if such payment is provided by the University. The size and procedure of such payment are not the subject of this contract.
7. The University has the right to reproduce the Work or its parts in electronic and printed forms, to make copies, permanent archival storage of the Work, distribution of the Work on the Internet, repositories, scientometric databases, commercial networks, including for monetary compensation from third parties.
8. The co-authors guarantee that the manuscript of the Work does not use works whose copyright belongs to third parties.
9. The authors of the Work guarantee that at the time of submission of the manuscript of the Work to the Editorial Board, the property rights to the Work belong only to them, neither in whole nor in part have they been transferred to anyone (not alienated), they are not the subject of a lien, litigation or claims by third parties.
10. The Work may not be posted on the University's website if it violates a person's right to the privacy of his personal and family life, harms public order and health.
11. The work may be withdrawn by the Editorial Board from the University websites, libraries and electronic databases where it was placed by the Editorial Board, in cases of detection of violations of the ethics of the authors and researchers, without any compensation for the losses of the Co-authors. At the time of submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Board and all stages of its editing and review, the manuscript must not have already been published or submitted to other editorial offices.
12. The right transferred under this Agreement extends to the territory of Ukraine and foreign countries.
13. The rights of Co-authors include the requirement to indicate their names on all copies of the Work or during any public use or public mention of the Work; the requirement to preserve the integrity of the Work; legal opposition to any distortion or other encroachment on the Work, which may harm the honor and reputation of the Co-authors.
14. Co-authors have the right to control their personal non-property rights by familiarizing themselves with the text (content) and form of the Work before its publication on the University's website, when transferring it to a printing company for reproduction or when using the Work in other ways.
15. The Co-authors, in addition to the property rights not transferred under this Agreement and taking into account the non-exclusive nature of the rights transferred under this Agreement, retain the property rights to finalize the Work and to use certain parts of the Work in other works created by the Co-authors.
16. The Co-authors are obliged to notify the Editorial Board of all errors in the Work, discovered by them independently after the publication of the Work, and to take all measures to eliminate such errors as soon as possible.
17. The University undertakes to indicate the names of the Co-authors on all copies of the Work during any public use of the Work. The list of Co-authors may be shortened according to the rules for the formation of bibliographic descriptions determined by the University or third parties.
18. The University undertakes not to violate the integrity of the Work, to agree with the Corresponding Author on all changes made to the Work during processing and editing.
19. In case of violation of their obligations under this Agreement, its parties bear the responsibility defined by this Agreement and the current legislation of Ukraine. All disputes under the Agreement are resolved through negotiations, and if the negotiations do not resolve the dispute – in the courts of the city of Kharkiv.
20. The parties are not responsible for the violation of their obligations under this Agreement, if it occurred through no fault of theirs. The party is considered innocent if it proves that it has taken all measures dependent on it for the proper fulfillment of the obligation.
21. The Co-authors are responsible for the truthfulness of the facts, quotes, references to legislative and regulatory acts, other official documentation, the scientific validity of the Work, all types of responsibility to third parties who have claimed their rights to the Work. The co-authors reimburse the University for all costs caused by claims of third parties for infringement of copyright and other rights to the Work, as well as additional material costs related to the elimination of identified defects.